edges so as to give free access to the tanning liquor to the greatest extent possible under the circumstances allowing the liquor IMPROVEMENT IN VATS FOR TANNING. tedious and laborious process can be conduct. ed in as short a time as it would take to re move one or two of the hides. It will readily be seen that the same degrees of tanning can keep in contact with the entire surface of every hide. The tendency of the tanning liquor being to penetrate more on the upper side of each hide it is advisable frequently to turn the The preservation of skins and the trans forming them from gelatinous sheets to the flexible and peculiarly enduring material known as leather is an art of great age and justly ranked among the most important. The process is a chemical one and as generally conducted consists in changing the albumen of the animal substance by the absorption of certain salts or acids ordinarily termed' tan nin.' Tannin is produced in solution in the cheapest and most practicable form by steep ing astringent vegetable substances in either hot or cold water and although to facilitate the operation and reduce the expense when conducted on a large scale the strength is sometimes extracted from the bark and in fused into earth for more convenient ship ported from Australia and other distant points —the process is substantially the same in all together and allowed to produce a mutual While this is true of the general process the details admit of almost an infinite variety of modifications. The old practice still scarce ly excelled so far as the quality of the leather is concerned was to spread the hides pack on all sides with finely broken bark cover the several years for the production of leather. overdone and possessing a character some what resembling horn very difficult to soften into a flexible condition even with long soak ing ; but these are rare instances for the pro cess is simple and little liable to mistake or failure. But it is far too slow for modern times a
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