Lace Book of Marie de' Medici, Top: Christ before Pilate; Carrying the Cross; Bottom: Man of Sorrows supported by angel; Souls of the blessed brought before God the Father, This Prayerbook was made for Marie de' Medici in the second quarter of the seventeenth century. Beyond its provenance as a personal book owned by the famous queen, it is exceptional for its intricately cut borders, which transform the parchment margins into lace. This effect was created using a technique known as 'canivet,' in which a small knife was used to cut ornate patterns into paper or parchment. An art form that flourished originally among nuns in France, Germany, and the Netherlands beginning in the sixteenth century, it was employed to exceptional effect in several manuscripts connected with Marie de' Medici.
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