RAILROAD AXLES AND THE FORCES THEY HAVE TO RESIST From a Prussian journal for architects and civil engineers we take the following report on a series of ex periments made by Superintendent Woehler of one of the largest railroad lines in Prussia with different axles and under different circumstances. The forces which act on the axles may he divided into two classes one class containing those forces which tend containing those which effect a torsion or twisting of the same. Two simple and ingenious apparatuses were at tached to the axles which by means of steel points acting With the experiments on the flexion of the axles it was necessary to ascertain that force which when ap plied to the circumference of the wheel corresponds to and the two wheels are forced towards each other until paratus as it revolves with the axles causes the index to deflect in opposite directions producing a deflection twice as large as that produced with equal power by means of the dynamometer. The apparatus was so constructed of the index was equal to a side motion of the circumfer 3-32 from its normal position. The side-draught which has to be applied to the circumference of the wheel in sided deflection of the index of a half inch is equal to for wheels of 361 inch diameter. For axles of 5 inches side-draught was found to be 701 cwt. constructed that with axles of 31 inches one inch de inches on the circumference of a wheel of 361 inches each point of the circumference from its normal position. Each inch of deflection of the index therefore corres ponds to an angle of torsion of 30 minutes. To produce be applied to the circumference of the wheel. With axles of five inches diameter the angle of torsion corres ponding to one inch deflection of the index was found to be 21 minutes which required a power of 44 cwt. applied on the circumference of the wheels of 36 inch diameter. Experiments have been made with cars running on six and on four wheels and the results were collected in tables givi
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